regex fails to match (bad trie optimization?)

[mauke]

Description
Some regexes involving alternations unexpectedly fail to match.

See also: Initial report by jwz and discussion at https://www.jwz.org/blog/2025/01/now-i-have-two-problems/.

• "ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCDE|C(G)/ fails
• "ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCDE|CG/ succeeds
• "ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCDE|C[Gg]/ fails
• "ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCD[Ee]|C[Gg]/ succeeds

All of these should match.

The last perl version that handled this correctly was 5.8.9. Everything from 5.10 on seems to be broken, which points to the trie optimization introduced in 5.10.

Steps to Reproduce

$ perl -le 'print 0 + ("ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCDE|C(G)/);'
0

Expected behavior

$ perl -le 'print 0 + ("ABCDE" =~ m/ABCF|BCDE|C(G)/);'
1

Perl configuration

Summary of my perl5 (revision 5 version 40 subversion 0) configuration:
   
  Platform:
    osname=linux
    osvers=6.5.0-10040-tuxedo
    archname=x86_64-linux-thread-multi-ld
    uname='linux luum 6.5.0-10040-tuxedo #44 smp preempt_dynamic wed may 8 17:36:39 utc 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 gnulinux '
    config_args='-de -Dprefix=/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0 -Dcc=cgcc -Dman1dir=none -Dman3dir=none -Dusethreads -Duselongdouble -Aoptimize=-flto -Aeval:scriptdir=/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/bin'
    hint=recommended
    useposix=true
    d_sigaction=define
    useithreads=define
    usemultiplicity=define
    use64bitint=define
    use64bitall=define
    uselongdouble=define
    usemymalloc=n
    default_inc_excludes_dot=define
  Compiler:
    cc='cgcc'
    ccflags ='-D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -fwrapv -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -I/usr/local/include -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64'
    optimize='-O2 -flto'
    cppflags='-D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -fwrapv -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -I/usr/local/include'
    ccversion=''
    gccversion='11.4.0'
    gccosandvers=''
    intsize=4
    longsize=8
    ptrsize=8
    doublesize=8
    byteorder=12345678
    doublekind=3
    d_longlong=define
    longlongsize=8
    d_longdbl=define
    longdblsize=16
    longdblkind=3
    ivtype='long'
    ivsize=8
    nvtype='long double'
    nvsize=16
    Off_t='off_t'
    lseeksize=8
    alignbytes=16
    prototype=define
  Linker and Libraries:
    ld='cgcc'
    ldflags =' -fstack-protector-strong -L/usr/local/lib'
    libpth=/usr/local/lib /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu /usr/lib /usr/lib64
    libs=-lpthread -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
    perllibs=-lpthread -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc
    libc=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
    so=so
    useshrplib=false
    libperl=libperl.a
    gnulibc_version='2.35'
  Dynamic Linking:
    dlsrc=dl_dlopen.xs
    dlext=so
    d_dlsymun=undef
    ccdlflags='-Wl,-E'
    cccdlflags='-fPIC'
    lddlflags='-shared -O2 -flto -L/usr/local/lib -fstack-protector-strong'


Characteristics of this binary (from libperl): 
  Compile-time options:
    HAS_LONG_DOUBLE
    HAS_STRTOLD
    HAS_TIMES
    MULTIPLICITY
    PERLIO_LAYERS
    PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
    PERL_DONT_CREATE_GVSV
    PERL_HASH_FUNC_SIPHASH13
    PERL_HASH_USE_SBOX32
    PERL_MALLOC_WRAP
    PERL_OP_PARENT
    PERL_PRESERVE_IVUV
    PERL_USE_SAFE_PUTENV
    USE_64_BIT_ALL
    USE_64_BIT_INT
    USE_ITHREADS
    USE_LARGE_FILES
    USE_LOCALE
    USE_LOCALE_COLLATE
    USE_LOCALE_CTYPE
    USE_LOCALE_NUMERIC
    USE_LOCALE_TIME
    USE_LONG_DOUBLE
    USE_PERLIO
    USE_PERL_ATOF
    USE_REENTRANT_API
    USE_THREAD_SAFE_LOCALE
  Built under linux
  Compiled at Jun  9 2024 23:04:17
  %ENV:
    PERLBREW_BASHRC_VERSION="0.74"
    PERLBREW_HOME="/home/mauke/.perlbrew"
    PERLBREW_MANPATH="/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/man"
    PERLBREW_PATH="/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/bin:/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/bin"
    PERLBREW_PERL="perl-5.40.0"
    PERLBREW_ROOT="/home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew"
    PERLBREW_VERSION="0.98"
    PERLDOC="-oman"
    PERL_UNICODE="SAL"
  @INC:
    /home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/lib/site_perl/5.40.0/x86_64-linux-thread-multi-ld
    /home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/lib/site_perl/5.40.0
    /home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/lib/5.40.0/x86_64-linux-thread-multi-ld
    /home/mauke/perl5/perlbrew/perls/perl-5.40.0/lib/5.40.0